Geometric beams
As shown by numerical calculations the solution of the dynamic equations
(see Eq.(3.8)) with complex values induces the formation of weird artifacts,
which reveal themselves as patterns of self-interference after the ray is reflected on a boundary.
In some cases such interference is unrealistically intense despite the expected exponential decay in
amplitude along the normal direction.
To erradicate such artifacts TRACEO uses the approximation of geometric beams[11,12],
which relies on the following expression for the calculation of the acoustic field:
![\begin{displaymath}
P(s,n) = \phi(s,n) a e^{ -i\left[ \omega \tau(s,n) - \phi_c \right] } ;
\end{displaymath}](img202.png) |
(5.1) |
in the above expression
is a hat window (see Fig.5.1),
defined as
 |
(5.2) |
with
representing the beam width:
 |
(5.3) |
in this expression
stands for the angle step.
Figure 5.1:
Geometric beams: the hat function.
|
Moreover,
the dynamic equations are integrated using the initial conditions:
which provide the following expression for the amplitude:
 |
(5.4) |
By using real values of
and
it becomes necessary to compensate the travel
time along the normal direction;
such compensation can be written as
 |
(5.5) |
where
is the classical travel time (see Eq.(2.9));
the additional term corresponds to
 |
(5.6) |
where
with
and
representing, respectively,
the position of the hydrophone and the position of the given point along the ray.
The total acoustic field is then calculated as a superposition of all ray influences.
A drawback of the geometric beams is that they are affected by caustics,
as the classical solution,
because of the changes in sign of
as the integration proceeds along the ray arclength.
As discussed in [11] the general behaviour of the solution can still be accurate
by introducing an amplitude correction
into Eq.(5.1),
which can be written as
 |
(5.7) |
where
represents the imaginary unit,
and
corresponds to the number of times that
vanishes in the interval
(this function is also known as the KMAH index).
Orlando Camargo Rodríguez
2012-06-21